Human activity–derived pollutants, including plastics, are now widely distributed throughout the ocean, raising concerns about their impacts on marine environments. The Environmental Substances and Materials Research Program (ESMR) conducts research and development to better understand how these substances spread through the ocean and how they affect marine ecosystems. In addition, the program promotes the development of new materials and alternative materials designed to minimize environmental impacts on the ocean, contributing to sustainable manufacturing and resource use. The program also works on the development of technologies for detecting and measuring anthropogenic substances, helping to improve our understanding of marine pollution and support efforts to reduce it. Through these initiatives, we aim to help build a sustainable society in harmony with the environment.